{"ref":"capability:database-connectors","page":"/capabilities/database-connectors","json":"/capabilities/database-connectors.json","generated":"2026-10-26","drafted_with_ai":true,"entity":{"id":"database-connectors","name":"Database connectors","domain":"data-and-persistence","ecosystems":["cap","btp","abap"],"universal":false,"description":"Connecting an application’s data model and queries to a database, including the differences in supported queries, types and schema management between database implementations. Changing an existing schema belongs to [schema evolution](capability:schema-evolution).","short":"Connecting a data model and its queries to a database","core_coverage":{"state":"core-and-community","assessed_at":"2026-09-27","what_core_does":"Four, chosen for you by context: SQLite in-memory for the inner loop, H2 for Java, and in production SAP HANA by default with [PostgreSQL](external:postgresql) for the edge cases. The service layer is the same across them. A set of portable functions and operators in CQL is translated to each database's native SQL, so a view or a runtime query written with them runs on all four. Since @sap/cds 10.1.0 the `sqlite:memory` preset runs an in-memory SQLite in every profile, production included, for the edge cases the guide names, which does not make SQLite fit for a server cluster. Every one of them is a cds.DatabaseService, the technical service that represents persistent storage, which is why the service layer above is the same.","where_it_stops":"At those four. Anything else — DB2, MySQL, [MongoDB](external:mongodb), Snowflake — is an adapter somebody wrote against the same service interface, and the further the store is from relational the more of the interface it has to reinterpret.","sources":[{"url":"https://cap.cloud.sap/docs/guides/databases","title":"Databases — capire","checked":"2026-09-08","quote":"SQLite in-memory databases are automatically used in inner-loop development, while in production, SAP HANA is used by default."},{"url":"https://cap.cloud.sap/docs/guides/databases/sqlite","title":"Using SQLite for Development — capire","checked":"2026-09-27","quote":"CAP provides extensive support for SQLite, which allows projects to speed up development by magnitudes at minimized costs."},{"url":"https://cap.cloud.sap/docs/guides/databases/sqlite","title":"Using SQLite for Development — capire","checked":"2026-09-27","quote":"As stated in the beginning, SQLite is mostly intended to speed up development, but is not fit for production."},{"url":"https://cap.cloud.sap/docs/guides/databases/sqlite","title":"Using SQLite for Development — capire","checked":"2026-09-27","quote":"For such cases, configure the sqlite:memory preset, which runs an in-memory SQLite database in all profiles, including production"},{"url":"https://cap.cloud.sap/docs/guides/databases/cap-level-dbs","title":"CAP-Level Database Support — capire","checked":"2026-09-27","quote":"CAP supports a number of portable functions and operators in CQL. The compiler automatically translates these to the best-possible database-specific native SQL equivalents."},{"url":"https://cap.cloud.sap/docs/guides/databases/new-dbs","title":"Using Databases — capire","checked":"2026-09-27","quote":"Out of the box-support is provided for SAP HANA, SQLite, H2 (Java only), and PostgreSQL."},{"url":"https://cap.cloud.sap/docs/guides/databases/new-dbs","title":"Using Databases — capire","checked":"2026-09-27","quote":"With CDS 8, the @cap-js database services for SQLite, PostgreSQL, and SAP HANA are generally available."},{"url":"https://cap.cloud.sap/docs/guides/databases/postgres","title":"Using PostgreSQL — capire","checked":"2026-09-27","quote":"This guide focuses on the new PostgreSQL Service provided through @cap-js/postgres, which is based on the same new database services architecture as the new SQLite Service."},{"url":"https://cap.cloud.sap/docs/guides/databases/postgres","title":"Using PostgreSQL — capire","checked":"2026-09-27","quote":"CAP Java is tested on the latest PostgreSQL 15.x version and most CAP features are supported."},{"url":"https://cap.cloud.sap/docs/node.js/databases","title":"Database Services — capire","checked":"2026-09-27","quote":"Class cds.DatabaseService and subclasses thereof are technical services representing persistent storage."},{"url":"https://cap.cloud.sap/docs/java/cqn-services/persistence-services","title":"Persistence Services (CAP Java) — capire","checked":"2026-09-27","quote":"How CQN-based Persistence Services are created from datasources to supported database types and used as database clients."},{"url":"https://cap.cloud.sap/docs/guides/databases/h2","title":"Using H2 for Development in CAP Java — capire","checked":"2026-09-27","quote":"For local development and testing, CAP Java supports the H2 database, which can be configured to run in-memory."},{"url":"https://cap.cloud.sap/docs/guides/databases/h2","title":"Using H2 for Development in CAP Java — capire","checked":"2026-09-27","quote":"H2 is supported for CAP Java only."}],"relationship":"narrow-by-design"},"changed_in":[{"version":"@sap/cds 8.0.3","date":"2024-07-12","applies_to":{"ecosystems":["cap"],"flavors":["node"]},"what_changed":"Before cds8, @cap-js/sqlite and @cap-js/postgres were beta previews of a new database-service architecture begun in cds7, and PostgreSQL support in practice meant the community's cds-pg adapter. cds8 concluded that rewrite: @cap-js/sqlite, @cap-js/postgres and @cap-js/hana all reached general availability and became the defaults, sharing one query-translation layer. The 8 line reached npm on 2024-07-12; 8.0.3 was its first published release.","invalidates":"Setup guidance that adds cds-pg for PostgreSQL or treats the @cap-js database services as beta-only. cds-pg was archived in July 2023 in favour of @cap-js/postgres, and since cds8 the @cap-js services are what a new project gets by default.","source":{"url":"https://cap.cloud.sap/docs/releases/2024/jun24","title":"CAP release notes, June 2024 — new database services GA","checked":"2026-09-08","quote":"With cds7 we started our journey to re-implement our database services based on a new database service architecture, which we conclude with cds8 with all currently supported databases (@cap-js/sqlite, @cap-js/postgres, @cap-js/hana) being generally available (GA) and the defaults."}},{"version":"@sap/cds 10.1.0","date":"2026-09-07","applies_to":{"ecosystems":["cap"],"flavors":["node"]},"what_changed":"The sqlite:memory preset configures an in-memory SQLite database in all profiles, including production, for edge cases such as an in-memory cache. Before, SQLite was the development and test database and production meant SAP HANA or PostgreSQL.","invalidates":"Advice that SQLite cannot be configured for the production profile at all.","source":{"url":"https://cap.cloud.sap/docs/guides/databases/sqlite","title":"Using SQLite for Development — capire","checked":"2026-09-27","quote":"Since @sap/cds 10.1.0 For such cases, configure the sqlite:memory preset, which runs an in-memory SQLite database in all profiles, including production"}}],"history":[{"date":"2026-08-31","field":"core_coverage.state","from":"left-open-on-purpose","to":"core-and-community","reason":"States renamed to describe who is present rather than to interpret intent. left-open-on-purpose asserted a motive; core-and-community states a fact, with relationship carrying the intent separately."},{"date":"2026-09-10","field":"ecosystems","from":"cap","to":"cap, btp","reason":"HANA Cloud and the PostgreSQL hyperscaler option are both BTP services answering which database you run on, and the capability existed on the CAP door alone — so both sat behind the BTP door with no tile to appear under."},{"date":"2026-09-14","field":"ecosystems","from":"cap, btp","to":"cap, btp, hana, abap","reason":"SAP-samples' hana-hdbext-promisfied-example wraps the HANA client drivers for Node.js, Go and Python, hxe-hibernate-google-app-engine reaches HANA through Hibernate's dialect, and odbc-driver-for-abap-examples connects to an ABAP system through the ODBC driver for ABAP, which widens the node from CAP's database choice to the driver question."},{"date":"2026-09-18","field":"coverage_by_ecosystem.hana.note","from":"Both entries behind this door are published by SAP: helper wrappers released to npm, and a Spring and Hibernate application as a sample.","to":"Every entry behind this door is published by SAP: a driver released to npm, helper wrappers over another one, and a Spring and Hibernate application as a sample.","reason":"hdb, SAP's pure-JavaScript HANA driver for Node.js, entered in the same batch, so the note counted two entries where there are now three. The assessment is unchanged: the driver is SAP's own, so core-only still holds."},{"date":"2026-09-27","field":"core_coverage","from":"the four databases","to":"the four databases, the portable functions, and the 10.1.0 in-memory preset","reason":"capire audit 2026-09-27: the SQLite and CAP-Level Database Support pages were cited nowhere; the SQLite page carries a version marker."},{"date":"2026-09-27","field":"core_coverage","from":"without the page","to":"cites the page","reason":"capire audit 2026-09-27: the Using Databases, PostgreSQL and Database Services pages were cited nowhere."},{"date":"2026-09-27","field":"core_coverage","from":"without the runtime's page","to":"cites the runtime's page","reason":"P1 backfill 2026-09-27: the paragraph and the runtime edge now rest on a page in common."},{"date":"2026-09-27","field":"core_coverage","from":"without the page","to":"cites the page","reason":"capire audit 2026-09-27, link-only pass: a page this capability owns was cited nowhere."},{"date":"2026-10-17","field":"description","from":"Which database the model actually runs on, and what changes when it is not the default one — the choice that is invisible until a query behaves differently. HANA Cloud is the default under a CAP application: HDI containers, calculation views, and the features the core reaches for first. [PostgreSQL](external:postgresql) through [@cap-js/postgres](artifact:cap-js-postgres) is the option when the answer is not HANA, with its own schema evolution and no HDI.","to":"Connecting an application’s data model and queries to a database, including the differences in supported queries, types and schema management between database implementations. Changing an existing schema belongs to [schema evolution](capability:schema-evolution).","reason":"Keep the default capability wording neutral; preserve the previous wording in framing_by_ecosystem.cap. Maintainer-requested scope audit."},{"date":"2026-10-26","field":"coverage_by_ecosystem.btp.note","from":"Every provider behind this door is an SAP service, so core-only is a assessment of the corpus rather than a quote from the core.","to":"The providers here are SAP’s own: managed databases such as SAP HANA Cloud and SAP ASE, and the HANA drivers for Node.js, hdb and SAP HANA client. Core-only reads the catalogue and SAP’s drivers, and is not a quote from the core.","reason":"Reassessed against the graph (check:capabilities): the note claimed every provider on the door is an SAP service and carried a grammar slip; it now names the kinds and the providers that define them. State unchanged."},{"date":"2026-10-26","field":"coverage_by_ecosystem.abap.note","from":"The one entry behind this door is SAP's example collection for the driver, which demonstrates and does not provide; core-only rests on the driver it documents.","to":"Core-only rests on the ODBC driver for ABAP, which odbc-driver-for-abap-examples demonstrates, and on SAP HANA, which ABAP manages and calls through AMDP.","reason":"Reassessed against the graph (check:capabilities): the note counted one entry behind the door; it now names the driver and SAP HANA, which now provides the capability on this door. State unchanged."}],"coverage_by_ecosystem":{"btp":{"state":"core-only","assessed_at":"2026-09-10","where_it_stops":"At provisioning. The platform offers the databases and the plans; which one a model runs against, and what changes when it is not HANA, is decided in the application and read on the CAP door.","note":"The providers here are SAP’s own: managed databases such as [SAP HANA Cloud](artifact:btp-hana-cloud) and [SAP ASE](artifact:btp-ase), and the HANA drivers for Node.js, [hdb](artifact:hdb) and [SAP HANA client](artifact:sap-hana-client). Core-only reads the catalogue and SAP’s drivers, and is not a quote from the core."},"abap":{"state":"core-only","assessed_at":"2026-09-14","what_core_does":"The ODBC driver for ABAP runs SQL from an external program against CDS objects an ABAP system exposes as an SQL service: queries from release 2021 FPS01, procedure calls from 2025 and inserts and deletes from 2508.","where_it_stops":"At the exposed objects and the client machine. A program reaches only what the system publishes as an SQL service, and the driver is downloaded from SAP and installed on every client, on Unix under unixodbc and no other driver manager.","note":"Core-only rests on the ODBC driver for ABAP, which [odbc-driver-for-abap-examples](artifact:sap-samples-odbc-driver-for-abap-examples) demonstrates, and on [SAP HANA](artifact:sap-hana), which ABAP manages and calls through AMDP.","sources":[{"url":"https://github.com/SAP-samples/odbc-driver-for-abap-examples","title":"odbc-driver-for-abap-examples — README","checked":"2026-09-14","quote":"All examples require the _ODBC driver for ABAP_ to be installed on the client."}]}},"framing_by_ecosystem":{"btp":{"description":"On BTP the database is a service you provision rather than a dependency you install, and the choice is made before any model exists. [SAP HANA Cloud](artifact:btp-hana-cloud) is the default and what everything analytical above it sits on; [PostgreSQL](artifact:btp-postgresql-hyperscaler) is the managed alternative from the underlying hyperscaler."},"abap":{"description":"On ABAP the database a client connects to is the ABAP system itself: the ODBC driver for ABAP lets an outside program run SQL against CDS objects the system has published."},"cap":{"description":"Which database the model actually runs on, and what changes when it is not the default one — the choice that is invisible until a query behaves differently. HANA Cloud is the default under a CAP application: HDI containers, calculation views, and the features the core reaches for first. [PostgreSQL](external:postgresql) through [@cap-js/postgres](artifact:cap-js-postgres) is the alternative when the answer is not HANA, with its own schema evolution and no HDI."}},"normative_relevance":[{"instrument":"instrument:sap-developer-license-3-2-cap","prominence":"prominent","sections":["1"],"applies_when":"A covered CAP application uses a connector to copy or persist SAP product data in a non-SAP database product.","note":"The connector itself does not decide the licence boundary. Section 1 makes the destination and purpose of extraction relevant, including the scoped exception for interoperability with an SAP product.","applies_to":{"ecosystems":["cap"]},"sources":[{"url":"https://cap.cloud.sap/resources/license/developer-license-3_2_CAP.txt","title":"SAP Developer License Agreement 3.2 CAP","checked":"2026-09-16","quote":"solely used for and required for interoperability with an SAP product"}]}],"drafted_with_ai":true},"sap_delivery":{"door":"cap","all":{"built_in":[{"ref":"artifact:sap-cds","name":"@sap/cds","json":"/artifacts/sap-cds.json"},{"ref":"artifact:cap-java-cds-services-bom","name":"com.sap.cds:cds-services-bom","json":"/artifacts/cap-java-cds-services-bom.json"}],"documented_pattern":[],"announced":[],"packages":[{"ref":"artifact:cap-js-db-service","name":"@cap-js/db-service","json":"/artifacts/cap-js-db-service.json"},{"ref":"artifact:cap-js-hana","name":"@cap-js/hana","json":"/artifacts/cap-js-hana.json"},{"ref":"artifact:cap-js-postgres","name":"@cap-js/postgres","json":"/artifacts/cap-js-postgres.json"},{"ref":"artifact:cap-js-sqlite","name":"@cap-js/sqlite","json":"/artifacts/cap-js-sqlite.json"},{"ref":"artifact:sap-cds-hana","name":"@sap/cds-hana","json":"/artifacts/sap-cds-hana.json"},{"ref":"artifact:cap-java-cds-feature-hana","name":"com.sap.cds:cds-feature-hana","json":"/artifacts/cap-java-cds-feature-hana.json"},{"ref":"artifact:cap-java-cds-feature-jdbc","name":"com.sap.cds:cds-feature-jdbc","json":"/artifacts/cap-java-cds-feature-jdbc.json"},{"ref":"artifact:cap-java-cds-feature-postgresql","name":"com.sap.cds:cds-feature-postgresql","json":"/artifacts/cap-java-cds-feature-postgresql.json"}]},"by_flavor":{"node":{"built_in":[{"ref":"artifact:sap-cds","name":"@sap/cds","json":"/artifacts/sap-cds.json"}],"documented_pattern":[],"announced":[],"packages":[{"ref":"artifact:cap-js-db-service","name":"@cap-js/db-service","json":"/artifacts/cap-js-db-service.json"},{"ref":"artifact:cap-js-hana","name":"@cap-js/hana","json":"/artifacts/cap-js-hana.json"},{"ref":"artifact:cap-js-postgres","name":"@cap-js/postgres","json":"/artifacts/cap-js-postgres.json"},{"ref":"artifact:cap-js-sqlite","name":"@cap-js/sqlite","json":"/artifacts/cap-js-sqlite.json"},{"ref":"artifact:sap-cds-hana","name":"@sap/cds-hana","json":"/artifacts/sap-cds-hana.json"}]},"java":{"built_in":[{"ref":"artifact:cap-java-cds-services-bom","name":"com.sap.cds:cds-services-bom","json":"/artifacts/cap-java-cds-services-bom.json"}],"documented_pattern":[],"announced":[],"packages":[{"ref":"artifact:cap-java-cds-feature-hana","name":"com.sap.cds:cds-feature-hana","json":"/artifacts/cap-java-cds-feature-hana.json"},{"ref":"artifact:cap-java-cds-feature-jdbc","name":"com.sap.cds:cds-feature-jdbc","json":"/artifacts/cap-java-cds-feature-jdbc.json"},{"ref":"artifact:cap-java-cds-feature-postgresql","name":"com.sap.cds:cds-feature-postgresql","json":"/artifacts/cap-java-cds-feature-postgresql.json"}]}}},"edges":{"use_cases":[],"shared_tasks":[],"related_tasks":[],"options":[{"ref":"artifact:cap-js-db-service","name":"@cap-js/db-service","json":"/artifacts/cap-js-db-service.json","ecosystem":"cap","origin_ring":"sap-official"},{"ref":"artifact:cap-js-hana","name":"@cap-js/hana","json":"/artifacts/cap-js-hana.json","ecosystem":"cap","origin_ring":"sap-official"},{"ref":"artifact:cap-js-postgres","name":"@cap-js/postgres","json":"/artifacts/cap-js-postgres.json","ecosystem":"cap","origin_ring":"sap-official"},{"ref":"artifact:cap-js-sqlite","name":"@cap-js/sqlite","json":"/artifacts/cap-js-sqlite.json","ecosystem":"cap","origin_ring":"sap-official"},{"ref":"artifact:cds-pgroll-postgres","name":"@cds-pgroll/postgres","json":"/artifacts/cds-pgroll-postgres.json","ecosystem":"cap","origin_ring":"independent"},{"ref":"artifact:neoimpulse-cap-js-restore-model-defined-types","name":"@neoimpulse/cap-js-restore-model-defined-types","json":"/artifacts/neoimpulse-cap-js-restore-model-defined-types.json","ecosystem":"cap","origin_ring":"independent"},{"ref":"artifact:quadrio-cds-db2","name":"@quadrio/cds-db2","json":"/artifacts/quadrio-cds-db2.json","ecosystem":"cap","origin_ring":"independent"},{"ref":"artifact:sap-cds","name":"@sap/cds","json":"/artifacts/sap-cds.json","ecosystem":"cap","origin_ring":"sap-official"},{"ref":"artifact:sap-cds-hana","name":"@sap/cds-hana","json":"/artifacts/sap-cds-hana.json","ecosystem":"cap","origin_ring":"sap-official"},{"ref":"artifact:sap-hana-client","name":"@sap/hana-client","json":"/artifacts/sap-hana-client.json","ecosystem":"btp","origin_ring":"sap-official"},{"ref":"artifact:cap-postgres-btp-connectivity","name":"cap-postgres-btp-connectivity","json":"/artifacts/cap-postgres-btp-connectivity.json","ecosystem":"cap","origin_ring":"independent"},{"ref":"artifact:sleibach-cap-snowflake","name":"cap-snowflake","json":"/artifacts/sleibach-cap-snowflake.json","ecosystem":"cap","origin_ring":"independent"},{"ref":"artifact:cds-mongodb","name":"cds-mongodb","json":"/artifacts/cds-mongodb.json","ecosystem":"cap","origin_ring":"independent"},{"ref":"artifact:soontao-cds-mysql","name":"cds-mysql","json":"/artifacts/soontao-cds-mysql.json","ecosystem":"cap","origin_ring":"independent"},{"ref":"artifact:sapmentors-cds-pg","name":"cds-pg","json":"/artifacts/sapmentors-cds-pg.json","ecosystem":"cap","origin_ring":"independent"},{"ref":"artifact:cap-java-cds-feature-hana","name":"com.sap.cds:cds-fe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